This file provides the global biomass map produced with the EU FP7 GEOCARBON project (www.geocarbon.net) and presented by Avitabile et al. (2014) at the Global Vegetation Monitoring and Modeling, 3-7 February 2014, Avignon (France). The map is obtained by combining and harmonizing the pan-tropical biomass map by Avitabile et al. (2016) with the boreal forest biomass map by Santoro et al. (2015). The map covers only forest areas, where forest are defined as areas with dominance of tree cover in the GLC2000 map (Bartholomé and Belward, 2005). For a proper use and description of this dataset, please refer to the mentioned articles. Source: Avitabile, V., Herold, M., Lewis, S.L., Phillips, O.L., Aguilar-Amuchastegui, N., Asner, G. P., Brienen, R.J.W., DeVries, B., Cazzolla Gatti, R., Feldpausch, T.R., Girardin, C., de Jong, B., Kearsley, E., Klop, E., Lin, X., Lindsell, J., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Lucas, R., Malhi, Y., Morel, A.,  Mitchard, E., Pandey, D., Piao, S., Ryan, C., Sales, M., Santoro, M., Vaglio Laurin, G., Valentini, R., Verbeeck, H., Wijaya, A., Willcock, S., 2014. Comparative analysis and fusion for improved global biomass mapping.  Global Vegetation Monitoring and Modeling, 3 – 7 February 2014, Avignon (France) (https://colloque.inra.fr/gv2m) Based on data from: Avitabile, V., Herold, M., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Lewis, S. L., Phillips, O. L., Asner, G. P., Armston, J., Ashton, P. S., Banin, L., Bayol, N., Berry, N. J., Boeckx, P., de Jong, B. H. J., DeVries, B., Girardin, C. A. J., Kearsley, E., Lindsell, J. A., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Lucas, R., Malhi, Y., Morel, A., Mitchard, E. T. A., Nagy, L., Qie, L., Quinones, M. J., Ryan, C. M., Ferry, S. J. W., Sunderland, T., Laurin, G. V., Gatti, R. C., Valentini, R., Verbeeck, H., Wijaya, A. and Willcock, S. (2016), An integrated pan-tropical biomass map using multiple reference datasets. Glob Change Biol, 22: 1406–1420. doi:10.1111/gcb.13139 Santoro, M., Beaudoin, A., Beer, C., Cartus, O., Fransson, J.E.S., Hall, R.J., Pathe, C., Schmullius, C., Schepaschenko, D., Shvidenko, A., Thurner, M. and Wegmüller, U. (2015). Forest growing stock volume of the northern hemisphere: Spatially explicit estimates for 2010 derived from Envisat ASAR. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 168, pag. 316-334 Source: Avitabile V, Herold M, Heuvelink G, Lewis SL, Phillips OL, Asner GP et al. (2016). An integrated pan-tropical biomass maps using multiple reference datasets. Global Change Biology, 22: 1406–1420. doi:10.1111/gcb.13139.

Climate risk data are used to identify climate stability or scope for climate-adaptation focused interventions. The recent datasets from Tabor et al. 2018 which assess climate change exposure using downscaled climate projections with the SRES A2 emissions scenario was selected for ranking climate risk, combining two measures of radically changing climates. Tabor highlight (a) the threat status of the climate, assigning high values where the late 20th century climates will cease to exist anywhere in the world and therefore this climate space is very threatened as it may be disappearing from the world; and (b) the distance from current climates, with high values indicating areas with novel climates not currently experienced anywhere in the world, and where there is high uncertainty on future species communities. Climate risk values are grouped by deciles whereby landscapes with moderate climate risk are deemed most appropriate for selection, in that there are some adaptation challenges that the LWP intervention may be able to tackle.

This file provides the pan-tropical biomass map published by Avitabile et al. (2016) "An integrated pan-tropical biomass map using multiple reference datasets". The data shows the aboveground biomass in Mg per ha in the tropic region at approximately 1 km resolution. For a proper use and description of this dataset, please refer to the mentioned article. Avitabile, V., Herold, M., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Lewis, S. L., Phillips, O. L., Asner, G. P., Armston, J., Ashton, P. S., Banin, L., Bayol, N., Berry, N. J., Boeckx, P., de Jong, B. H. J., DeVries, B., Girardin, C. A. J., Kearsley, E., Lindsell, J. A., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Lucas, R., Malhi, Y., Morel, A., Mitchard, E. T. A., Nagy, L., Qie, L., Quinones, M. J., Ryan, C. M., Ferry, S. J. W., Sunderland, T., Laurin, G. V., Gatti, R. C., Valentini, R., Verbeeck, H., Wijaya, A. and Willcock, S. (2016), An integrated pan-tropical biomass map using multiple reference datasets. Glob Change Biol, 22: 1406–1420. doi:10.1111/gcb.13139

Future climate projections from the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP's) CMIP3 multi-model dataset downscaled using the Worldclim 2.5-minute 20th century climate dataset. The CMIP3 multi-model datasets were used for the IPCC 4th Assessment Report. The B1 scenario assumes the most ecologically friendly future. The A1B scenario assumes future energy sources will be balanced between fossil-intensive and non-fossil energy sources. The A2 scenario is characterized by a future world still heavily dependent on fossil fuel consumption. All models are historical and future climate simulations collected from leading modeling centers around the world. The original model simulations are collected and achieved by the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) to create the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP's) phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) multi-model dataset. The downscaled data were produced by Conservation International through collaboration with the Department of Geography, Center of Climatic Research, and Land Tenure Center at the University of Wisconsin and support from the National Center of Ecological Analysis and Synthesis.

CHELSA V1.2 (http://chelsa-climate.org/) is a high resolution (30 arc sec, ~1 km) climate data set for the earth land surface areas. It includes monthly and annual mean temperature and precipitation patterns for the time period 1979-2013. Methods are described in http://chelsa-climate.org/wp-admin/download-page/CHELSA_tech_specification.pdf. CHELSA Version 1.2 is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Specifications: High resolution (30 arcsec, ~1 km) Precipitation & Temperature Climatologies for the years 1979 – 2013 Incorporation of topoclimate (e.g. orographic rainfall & wind fields). All products of CHELSA are in a geographic coordinate system referenced to the WGS 84 horizontal datum, with the horizontal coordinates expressed in decimal degrees. The CHELSA layer extents (minimum and maximum latitude and longitude) are a result of the coordinate system inherited from the 1-arc-second GMTED2010 data which itself inherited the grid extent from the 1-arc-second SRTM data. Note that because of the pixel center referencing of the input GMTED2010 data the full extent of each CHELSA grid as defined by the outside edges of the pixels differs from an integer value of latitude or longitude by 0.000138888888 degree (or 1/2 arc-second). Users of products based on the legacy GTOPO30 product should note that the coordinate referencing of CHELSA (and GMTED2010) and GTOPO30 are not the same. In GTOPO30, the integer lines of latitude and longitude fall directly on the edges of a 30-arc-second pixel. Thus, when overlaying CHELSA with products based on GTOPO30 a slight shift of 1/2 arc-second will be observed between the edges of corresponding 30-arc-second pixels. To redistribute the data, please cite the following peer reviewed articles: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2017122"target=_blank>Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, H.P. & Kessler, M. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.kd1d4"target=_blank>Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2017) Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas. Dryad Digital Repository. </a>

This dataset contains two metrics for climate change exposure using downscaled climate projections with the SRES A2 emissions scenario (Tabor and Williams, 2007).The metrics represent dissimilarity measurements of the squared Euclidean distance between seasonal (June–August and December–February) temperature and precipitation variables in the 20th century climate and mid-21st century climate. (1) disappearing climate risk - measure of dissimilarity between a pixel’s late 20th century climate and its closest matching pixel in the global set of 21st-century climates (2) novel climate risk - measure of dissimilarity between a pixel’s future climate and its closest matching pixel in the global set of late 20th-century climates.

This dataset contains two metrics for climate change exposure using downscaled climate projections with the SRES A2 emissions scenario (Tabor and Williams, 2007).The metrics represent dissimilarity measurements of the squared Euclidean distance between seasonal (June–August and December–February) temperature and precipitation variables in the 20th century climate and mid-21st century climate. (1) disappearing climate risk - measure of dissimilarity between a pixel’s late 20th century climate and its closest matching pixel in the global set of 21st-century climates (2) novel climate risk - measure of dissimilarity between a pixel’s future climate and its closest matching pixel in the global set of late 20th-century climates.

Human pressures on the ocean are thought to be increasing globally, yet we know little about their patterns of cumulative change, which pressures are most responsible for change, and which places are experiencing the greatest increases. Managers and policymakers require such information to make strategic decisions and monitor progress towards management objectives. Here we calculate and map recent change over 5 years in cumulative impacts to marine ecosystems globally from fishing, climate change, and ocean- and land-based stressors. Nearly 66% of the ocean and 77% of national jurisdictions show increased human impact, driven mostly by climate change pressures. Five percent of the ocean is heavily impacted with increasing pressures, requiring management attention. Ten percent has very low impact with decreasing pressures. Our results provide large-scale guidance about where to prioritize management efforts and affirm the importance of addressing climate change to maintain and improve the condition of marine ecosystems. Halpern, B. S. et al. Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the world’s ocean. Nat. Commun. 6:7615 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8615 (2015).

The World Climate Regions establishes the macroclimate regime. The dataset has been originally downloaded from World Terrestrial Ecosystems (https://esri.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=3bfa1aa4cd9844d5a0922540210da25b) and modified for visualization purpose in the frame of the NEAT+ project in MapX with climatic regions being combined as follows: Existing classes from "Temp_Moist" -> New classes Boreal Desert, Boreal Dry, Boreal Moist, Polar Desert, Polar Dry, Polar Moist -> Boreal/Polar Cool Temperate Moist -> Cool Temperate Moist Cool Temperate Dry and Desert -> Cool Temperate Dry & Desert Warm Temperate Moist -> Warm Temperate Moist Warm Temperate Moist, Warm Temperate Desert -> Warm Temperate Dry & Desert Tropical Desert, Sub Tropical Desert -> Tropical & Sub Tropical Desert Tropical Dry, Sub Tropical Dry -> Tropical & Sub Tropical Dry Tropical Moist, Sub Tropical Moist -> Tropical & Sub Tropical Moist Credits: Sayre et al. 2020. An assessment of the representation of ecosystems in global protected areas using new maps of World Climate Regions and World Ecosystems - Global Ecology and Conservation. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989419307231?via%3Dihub

Anomaly for the period 2041-2060 compared to climatological data (1979-2013) on precipitation and temperature data based on two different scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The layer is calculated at UNEP/GRID-Geneva from the layers on annual mean temperature and annual precipitations provided in the products CHELSA V1.2 and CHELSA-[CMIP5]. CHELSA-[CMIP5] is a delta change climatological dataset for the years 2041-2060 and 2061- 2080 for mean monthly maximum temperatures, mean monthly minimum temperatures, monthly precipitation amounts, and several derived parameters. We use the delta change method by B-spline interpolation of anomalies (deltas) of the respective CMIP5 GCM dataset. Anomalies were interpolated between all CMIP5 grid cells and are then added (for temperature variables) or multiplied (in case of precipitation) to high resolution climate data from CHELSA V1.2. This method has the assumption that climate only varies on the scale of the coarser (CMIP5) dataset, and the spatial pattern (from CHELSA) is consistent over time. CHELSA- [CMIP5] does not take changing wind patterns, or temperature lapse rates into account, but rather expects them to be constant over time, and similar to the long term averages. CHELSA V1.2 (http://chelsa-climate.org/) is a high resolution (30 arc sec, ~1 km) climate data set for the earth land surface areas. It includes monthly and annual mean temperature and precipitation patterns for the time period 1979-2013. Methods are described in http://chelsa-climate.org/wp-admin/download-page/CHELSA_tech_specification.pdf. CHELSA Version 1.2 is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Specifications: High resolution (30 arcsec, ~1 km) Precipitation & Temperature Climatologies for the years 1979 – 2013 Incorporation of topoclimate (e.g. orographic rainfall & wind fields). All products of CHELSA are in a geographic coordinate system referenced to the WGS 84 horizontal datum, with the horizontal coordinates expressed in decimal degrees. The CHELSA layer extents (minimum and maximum latitude and longitude) are a result of the coordinate system inherited from the 1-arc-second GMTED2010 data which itself inherited the grid extent from the 1-arc-second SRTM data. Note that because of the pixel center referencing of the input GMTED2010 data the full extent of each CHELSA grid as defined by the outside edges of the pixels differs from an integer value of latitude or longitude by 0.000138888888 degree (or 1/2 arc-second). Users of products based on the legacy GTOPO30 product should note that the coordinate referencing of CHELSA (and GMTED2010) and GTOPO30 are not the same. In GTOPO30, the integer lines of latitude and longitude fall directly on the edges of a 30-arc-second pixel. Thus, when overlaying CHELSA with products based on GTOPO30 a slight shift of 1/2 arc-second will be observed between the edges of corresponding 30-arc-second pixels. To redistribute the data, please cite the following peer reviewed articles: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2017122"target=_blank>Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, H.P. & Kessler, M. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.kd1d4"target=_blank>Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2017) Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas. Dryad Digital Repository. </a> CHELSA – Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Version 1.2